MINNEAPOLIS, MN, USA
N331NW
Airbus Industrie A320-211
ON TWO CONSECUTIVE DAYS, THE SAME AIRPLANE EXPERIENCED UNCOMMANDED ROLLS DURING FLIGHT WITH THE AUTOPILOT ENGAGED. INSPECTION OF THE AIRPLANE SYSTEMS REVEALED A DEFECT IN A ROLL POTENTIOMETER LOCATED IN THE CAPTAINS SIDESTICK TRANSDUCER UNIT. A GREASE FILLED GROOVE WAS FOUND IN THE POTENTIOMETER TRACK NEAR THE NEUTRAL POSITION. THIS POTENTIOMETER SENDS ELECTRONIC SIGNALS TO THE ELEVATOR AILERON CONTROLLER (ELAC-1). THE GROOVE RESULTED IN AN INTERMITTENT LOSS OF CONTACT BETWEEN THE WIPER AND THE TRACK AND SUBSEQUENTLY A 'VOLTAGE SPIKE' TO THE ELAC-1. FOLLOWING THIS INCIDENT AIRBUS ISSUED TWO SERVICE BULLETINS ADDRESSING THE 'VOLTAGE SPIKE' PHENOMENON WHICH HAS BEEN OCCURRING ON OTHER A320 AIRPLANES SINCE 1991.
History of Flight On April 27, 1995, at 2145 central daylight time (cdt), an Airbus A320- 211, N331NW, operated as Northwest Airlines Flight 1142, from Detroit, Michigan, to Baltimore, Maryland, experienced an uncommanded roll during cruise flight at an altitude of 33,000 feet mean sea level (msl). Neither the crew nor the passengers were injured. The airplane was not damaged. The 14 CFR Part 121 flight continued on to land at the Baltimore-Washington International Airport (BWI), Baltimore, Maryland, without further incident. The flight had departed Minneapolis, Minnesota, at 2007 cdt. The Captain's write-up of the events which occurred on Flight 1142 stated "See earlier ASR on same aircraft same day. DCA-DTW nothing happened. DTW-BWI F/CTL ELAC 1 fault. There might be a connection. Prior to ELAC mess there was a roll right to left but to a lesser degree." Upon landing at BWI, the #1 Elevator Aileron Computer (ELAC) was removed and replaced. On the following day, April 28, 1995, the airplane was flown to the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP) without incident. The Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR) was removed and replaced when the airplane landed in MSP. Later that same day, at 1155 cdt, the same airplane, N331NW, operated as Northwest Airlines Flight 115, once again experienced an uncommanded roll during climb to cruise following takeoff from MSP. No injuries were reported by either the crew or passengers and the airplane was not damaged. The flight had departed Minneapolis at 1145 cdt, with a destination of Orange County, California. The Captain's report of the events which occurred on Flight 115 stated, "On climb at 25,000 aircraft rolled right, ELAC #1 fault followed (1655 GMT) reset ELAC #1 operation normal. (1658 GMT) Aircraft rolled right. CFDS indicated ELAC #2 problem." The flight crew leveled the airplane at 31,000 feet msl, slowed the airspeed to 250 KIAS, disconnected the autopilot and returned to MSP for an uneventful landing. Upon landing the DFDR, both sidestick transducer units (SSTU) and both ELACs were removed and replaced. Flight Recorders Both DFDRs were sent to the NTSB Flight Data Recorder Laboratory, Washington, D.C. for analysis. A review of the data for Flight 1142 revealed, "... climb to cruise altitude (33,000 feet) were uneventful. Approximately 25 minutes into the flight, an ELAC 1 (roll) fault was set and an uncommanded roll of -3.87 degrees was recorded. During the 69 seconds prior to the ELAC fault a series of roll oscillations of up to 2.8 degrees were also recorded. The ELAC fault was cleared 62 seconds later and the autopilot remained on. A second ELAC 1 fault was recorded 105 seconds after the first ELAC 1 fault. ... The altitude values indicated the start of descent at approximately the same time as the second ELAC 1 fault; the autopilot remained engaged. The ELAC 1 fault remained set for the remainder of the flight. The autopilot was disengaged and the 1st officers side stick became active at approximately 1,200 feet... ." A review of the data from Flight 115 revealed, "An uncommanded roll accompanied by an ELAC No.1 (roll) fault was recorded approximately 10 minutes into the flight at an altitude of 23,000 feet and an indicated airspeed of 305 knots. The airplane departed wings level flight rolling to the left -4.9 degrees in 1.66 seconds and rolled back to -1.8 degrees in the following second. The airplane returned to wings level in the following 2.5 seconds. The side stick controllers remained inactive, and autopilot No. 2 remained engaged during this period. The ELAC fault remained set for 48 seconds. At an altitude of 27,000 feet the autopilot No. 2 was disengaged. The flight reached an altitude of 31,000 feet before returning to MSP. While at 31,000 feet autopilot No. 1 was engaged and remained on until the flight descended through 5,000 feet." Tests and Research The A320 flight control system features fly-by-wire technology, meaning that inputs from the flightcrew are transmitted electronically rather than mechanically to the flight control surface actuators. The airplane is equipped with two sidesticks in the cockpit, which replace the conventional control columns. Sidestick movements are mechanically transferred to the SSTU which contains 12 potentiometers. Each potentiometer is linked to one channel in the flight control computers, either the ELAC or Spoiler/Elevator Computer (SEC). Testing of the ELACs was performed at Aerospatiale facilities in France under the direction of the French Bureau Enquetes- Accidents (BEA). No anomalies were found during the testing. Bench testing and inspection of the SSTUs was performed at the manufacturer, SARMA, in France, also under the direction of the BEA. Testing of the co-pilots SSTU failed to reveal any anomalies. Testing of the captains SSTU revealed voltage spikes when the sidestick was near the neutral position. The voltage spikes were generated by a physical intermittent loss of contact between the wiper and the track inside the potentiometer which corresponded to the ELAC-1. This loss of contact resulted in the ELAC-1 input being disrupted. Teardown of the potentiometer revealed a "micro-cut" or groove in the track at the point where the wiper arm rests when the sidestick is in a neutral position. Examination of the groove revealed a built-up of lubricating grease that normally coats the track. The detected voltage spike had an amplitude corresponding to full sidestick deflection for a period of one second. This voltage spike amplitude resulted in the ELAC sensing a command for an airplane roll. Internal diagnostics in the ELAC then determine that the spike is not a valid signal and the roll command ceases. A spike of a higher amplitude would have triggered the range monitoring function within the ELAC and the spike would have been ignored. A spike of a longer duration would have triggered an ELAC-1 fault, and the system would have automatically switched to the ELAC-2. Prior to this incident, Airbus developed two modifications addressing similar uncommanded roll events which have occurred since 1991. Service Bulletin A320-27-1084, dated June, 1995, adds a resistor to the sidestick potentiometer to reduce the magnitude of the voltage spike. Service Bulletin A320-27-1082, dated April, 1995, addresses a software modification which will allow the ELAC to identify a voltage spike as an invalid command more rapidly, therefore, minimizing the commanded roll. Neither of these Service Bulletins had been incorporated on N331NW at the time of the incident.
inadequate design of the fly-by-wire flight control system which allowed false signals from the sidestick transducer units to generate uncommanded rolls.
Source: NTSB Aviation Accident Database
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