ANCHORAGE, AK, USA
N614FE
McDonnell Douglas MD-11-F
MD-11 was cleared visual approach (apch) to runway (rwy) 24R, 3 mi (1 min) behind Boeing 747 (landing on rwy 24L). Rwys were 550 ft apart with rwy 24L threshold staggered 4300 ft beyond that of rwy 24R. MD-11 captain (capt) used VASI, which had 3.25 deg glide path. On final apch, 21 kt left crosswind diminished to about 5 kts. From 100 ft agl, MD-11 exhibited left, then right roll & slight yawing. About 50 ft agl, MD-11 entered high sink rate. Capt began go-around & raised nose. Lower aft fuselage hit rwy & MD-11 bounced. Capt discontinued go-around; MD-11 bounced two more times; sustained damage to aft pressure bulkhead. Last 20 sec of flight, MD-11 averaged 1380 ft/min rate of descent, 152 kts, 5.12 deg apch angle. MD-11 flight manual discussed visual apchs, go-around procedure, & tail/wing clearance issues, but operator did not have formal tailstrike awareness training for MD-11 pilots. After accident, operator developed tail strike awareness training program that included bounced landing recovery & simulator training, & limited pitch attitude to 7-1/2 deg for recovery from bounced landing. AIM recommended that for landing behind larger acft on parallel rwy, closer than 2500 ft, stay above larger acft's flight path. Tower controller did not issue precaution for wake turbulence.
History of the Flight On May 16, 1996, about 0633 Alaska daylight time (ADT), a McDonnell Douglas MD-11-F, N614FE, sustained substantial damage when its tail struck the runway during landing at the Anchorage International Airport, Anchorage, Alaska. The airplane, operated by Federal Express Corporation, Memphis, Tennessee, as Federal Express flight 71 (FDX71), was being operated on an instrument flight rules (IFR) cross-country cargo flight under Title 14 CFR Part 121 when the accident occurred. The captain, a certificated airline transport pilot, reported minor injuries. The first officer, also a certificated airline transport pilot, was not injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed. The flight originated from Newark, New Jersey, about 2328 ADT, May 15, 1996. A Japanese Airlines Boeing 747 (JAL flight 49), contacted the Anchorage Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) at 0621:25 and reported passing 10,000 feet during its descent into the Anchorage terminal area from the northeast. The accident airplane (FDX71), also arrived in the terminal area from the northeast and advised the ARTCC of passing 10,000 feet at 0622:35. Each airplane was vectored for a visual approach to runway 24L. At 0622:50, FDX71 advised they would take runway 24R if it was available. At 0624:48, FDX71 requested a right base entry to the airport but the request was denied due to sequencing. At 0628:13, FDX71 advised the ARTCC that JAL49 was in sight. The ARTCC advised FDX71 to maintain visual separation from JAL49 and was cleared for a visual approach to runway 24R at 0628:31. At 0630:17, JAL49 received clearance to land on runway 24L from the Anchorage Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) local controller. At 0630:32, FDX71 was cleared by ATCT for a visual approach to runway 24R. At 0631:42 the local controller requested on-board inertial navigational system (INS) wind information from FDX71 and was told 180 degrees (true, 156 degrees magnetic) at 21 knots. At that time, the controller reported observing FDX71, 4 nautical miles southeast of the approach end of runway 24R. JAL 49 was observed approximately 1 mile from the approach end of runway 24L. The captain of FDX71 reported he was flying the airplane and turned onto the final approach at 1,000 feet mean sea level (msl). The captain was visually aligning the airplane with the visual approach slope indicator (VASI) for the runway. He indicated he was observing a "pink over white" visual angle indication from the VASI. The autopilot was disengaged and the autothrottle was engaged. About 50 feet above the ground, the captain noticed some instability of the airplane and then the airplane developed a high rate of descent. The captain initiated a wind shear "escape" procedure by applying go-around power and began pitching the nose of the airplane upward but the airplane continued to descend. The tail of the airplane scraped the runway and bounced into the air. The captain decided to discontinue the go-around maneuver and closed the throttles. The airplane descended and bounced a second time. The airplane touched down a third time and then rolled out. The pilot was concerned about the hazard of wind shear activity to other arriving aircraft and reported a 40 knot low level wind shear on short final. The airplane was inspected externally by airport fire department personnel and then was taxied to parking. During the completion of the after landing checklist, the flight crew noticed the spoiler handle was retracted. The crew also noticed a "FADEC ALTN" (full authority digital electronic control - alternate) alert message from each engine on the engine activity display (EAD). Crew Information The captain holds an airline transport pilot certificate with airplane single and multi-engine land ratings. He also holds a flight engineer certificate with a turbojet powered rating and type ratings in Douglas DC-8, Boeing 727 and 747, and McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft. The captain received his basic indoctrination with Federal Express Corp., on April 4, 1977. Since that time the captain has functioned as captain of Boeing 727 and Douglas DC-8 aircraft and first officer of Boeing 747 aircraft. On July 20, 1994, he completed his initial operating experience (IOE) in McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft. At the time of the accident, the captain had accrued 1,470 hours in the MD-11. The captain's most recent simulator training was provided on June 25, 1995. The first officer holds an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane multi-engine land rating. He also holds a flight engineer certificate with a turbojet powered rating and a type rating in McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft. The first officer received his basic indoctrination with Federal Express Corp., on May 9, 1986. Since that time, the first officer has functioned as the second officer and first officer on Boeing 727 aircraft. On April 26, 1992, he completed his IOE in MD-11 aircraft. At the time of the accident, the first officer had accrued 2,107 hours in the MD-11. The first officer's most recent simulator training was provided on April 23, 1995. Aircraft Information The airplane had accumulated a total time in service of 12,392.54 flight hours. The most recent continuous airworthiness inspection was accomplished on April 29, 1996, 204.76 flight hours before the accident. Following the accident, the operator measured the right main landing gear strut extension as 5 3/8 inches at 1,475 PSI. The left main landing gear strut extension was 4 3/4 inches at 1,500 PSI. The status of the fluid level of the main landing gear struts was not evaluated by the operator at the Anchorage base prior to the airplane being ferried to their maintenance facility in Los Angeles, California, for repair. During the repair to the airframe, the operator planned to conduct a check of the strut fluid level. On July 10, 1996, the operator informed the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigator-in-charge (IIC) of an internal miscommunication that resulted in the landing gear struts being deflated on May 27, 1996 while being prepared for the tail strike repair. On the accident date, the airplane transmitted an automated Arinc Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) message to a Federal Express Inc., ground station at 0632:18. The message noted "turbulence". A second ACARS report obtained from the airplane's computer noted an "on report" at 0632:03. The accuracy of the transmittal time could not be correlated with the time reference contained on the flight data recorder. The operator indicated that the airplane could have generated the ACARS report as a result of the hard landing. The airplane utilizes an auto ground spoiler system (AGS) that will automatically deploy the spoilers about 30 degrees when the main landing gear tires spin up at touchdown. The spoilers will fully deploy to 60 degrees upon nose wheel compression. The AGS also has an auto-retract feature for use in go-arounds. The spoilers will retract automatically when the number 2 throttle is advanced more than 1 inch from the idle stop. The airplane utilizes several systems to provide the crew with alert messages concerning the operational limits of the airplane. The previously noted FADEC ALTN alert message on the EAD is recorded when the throttles are advanced beyond the FADEC bar. At this point the FADEC systems reverts to the alternate mode for maximum manual selection of engine thrust. The airplane is equipped with a wind shear alert and guidance system (WAGS) that provides a visual and aural warning and pitch guidance commands to the crew. The system is enabled from 1,500 feet down to 50 feet above ground level (AGL). The WAGS did not activate. The airplane is also equipped with a ground proximity warning system (GPWS) that provides a visual and aural warning to the crew. The GPWS had several modes of operation which include excessive descent rate (Mode 1). Mode 1 can produce a warning of "sink rate" and "whoop-whoop pull-up" based on the profile of the airplane. The GPWS did not activate. Meteorological Information At 0555, a surface observation at the Anchorage airport was reporting, in part: Sky condition and ceiling, measured ceiling 10,000 feet broken, 20,000 feet broken; visibility, 60 miles; temperature, 46 degrees F; dew point, 30 degrees F; wind, 170 degrees at 9 knots; altimeter, 29.43 inHg. At 0638, a special observation was reporting, in part: Sky condition and ceiling, measured ceiling 10,000 feet broken, 20,000 feet broken; visibility, 60 miles; wind, 150 degrees at 5 knots; altimeter, 29.42 inHg. The FAA did not include any reports of wind shear (other than the accident airplane) in their report of this accident. JAL49 did not report any wind shear during their approach. Communications Examination of voice recordings from the airplane's cockpit voice recorder was conducted by the Safety Board. At 0632:36 the voice recording indicated a comment from the first officer, "got about twenty knots of left cross right here." At 0632:37, the airplane's central aural warning system (CAWS) provided an audible altitude warning of 500 (feet). Between 0632:46 and 0632:52, the first officer reported a decreasing cross wind with a last report of 12 knots. At 0632:54, the first officer reported the airplane's sink rate was 1,000 feet per minute and at 0632:55, the CAWS provided an altitude warning of 100 feet. At 0632:57, the CAWS indicated 50 feet and less than 1 second later, the first officer voiced an exclamation of "whoa". The airplane touched down at 0633:00. After touchdown, the crew voiced concern both in the cockpit and to the Anchorage ATCT that they had experienced wind shear. The crew indicated, "and ah tower, Fedex ah 71, we had about a forty knot wind shear on final. It could have been ah due to that seven four that was ahead of us." JAL49 touched down on runway 24L at 0632, as reported by JAL operations. The Anchorage International Airport does not routinely record low level radar data in the terminal area. Anchorage Center Radar records radar track information on a continuous data recording (CDR). The coverage for center radar usually begins above 2,000 feet msl in the terminal area. Radar data was reviewed by the NTSB IIC to determine the profile of both arriving airplanes. The radar data indicated that both airplanes made left turns from the downwind pattern southeast of the airport onto the final approach. JAL49 turned onto the final approach for runway 24L east (outside of) the flight profile of FDX71. Radar data from JAL49 revealed at 0629:52, the last recording with altitude information, the JAL flight was at 1,400 feet msl at 181 knots ground speed. At the same time, FDX71 was at 3,200 feet at 229 knots. A transcript of communications with Anchorage Center and Anchorage ATCT, the cockpit voice recorder, and radar data is included in this report. Aerodrome and Ground Facilities The airport is within Class C airspace and Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 93 applies to the terminal area. The air traffic control tower is equipped with a D-BRITE radar repeater display. The Brite system is designed to display primary and secondary (transponder) radar returns of aircraft and alphanumeric target symbology generated by the Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS) to positions in the tower. The equipment is specifically intended to present usable visual display in the tower of the traffic inbound/outbound to the respective runways during both day and night conditions. The radar display augments visual observations by tower personnel of arrival, departure, and overflight aircraft. The tower is an ARTS IIA facility. The airport is equipped with two parallel hard-surfaced runways on a 247/067 degree magnetic orientation. A single hard surface runway is oriented on a 321/141 degree heading. Runway 24R is 10,601 feet long by 150 feet wide. The southern edge of runway 24R is separated from the northern edge of runway 24L by 550 feet. The approach end of 24R is situated 4,300 feet east of the approach end of runway 24L. Runway 24R is equipped with a two bar visual approach slope indicator (VASI). The airport is not equipped with a low level wind shear advisory system (LLWAS). According to the Alaska Supplement, airport/facility directory, the VASI light system for runway 24R consists of a 3 bar system. The upper glide slope is reported as 3.25 degrees and the lower glide slope is reported as 3 degrees. According to FAA Airways Facilities personnel and Anchorage International Airport personnel, the VASI system installed at runway 24R consists of 4 light boxes. The downwind boxes consist of two light boxes, parallel to each other, positioned on either side of the runway threshold. The upwind boxes are positioned 700 feet further along and on either side of the runway. On June 28, 1996, the VASI was examined by FAA Airways Facilities personnel. They reported that the upwind boxes were in close tolerances and set to 3.0 degrees. The downwind boxes were set to 2.5 degrees. The proper visual approach angle is maintained by the pilot observing a white light bar in the downwind box and a red light bar in the upwind box (red over white). Deviation above the established visual glidepath will produce a change in the upwind light bar from red through pink, to white. Deviation below the glidepath will produce a change in the downwind light bar from white through pink, to red. The total change in color, both above and below the glidepath occurs within 1/4 to 1/2 degree. Flight Data Recorder The airplane's flight data recorder was sent to the Safety Board for examination. The recorded parameters are listed by subframe numbers. One subframe is equivalent to one second of time. Downloading the airplane's recorded parameters revealed the following, in part: At subframe number 2970, the airplane was configured with the autopilot off, flaps were set at 35 degrees, the airplane was near wings level at an indicated airspeed of 155.5 knots. The Vref speed was 147 knots. The heading of the airplane was 241.61 degrees and was slowly increasing. At subframe 2975, the airplane began a slight roll to the left reaching 3.52 degrees. The roll rate decreased and the airplane then began a roll toward the right. At subframe 2976, the vertical acceleration decreased to 0.84 g's and returned to 1.11 g's in subframe 2977. It then began decreasing once again. The airspeed began increasing from 151 knots. At subframe 2978, the thrust resolver angles began decreasing in response to the autothrottle commands. The lower rudder began moving toward 7.47 degrees trailing edge left and then began moving toward the right. The airplane experienced a lateral acceleration to the left of 0.09 g's. The airspeed reached 158.5 knots and then began decreasing. In subframe 2978 and 2979, the number 1 and number 2 angle of attack indicators displayed about a 3 degree difference in their respective values. At subframe 2979, the right roll reached 8.09 degrees right wing down. The vertical acceleration moved upward from a low of 0.65 g's. The thrust resolver angle for engine number 2 and 3 increased in subframe 2980 to 85.80 degrees. The elevators began to deflect toward 22.85 degrees trailing edge up. At subframe 2981, the pitch angle of the airplane reached 11.6 degrees nose up. A vertical acceleration spike of 2.6 g's occurred. The thrust resolver angle decreased to previous settings. The lower rudder reached 23.38 degrees trailing edge to the right. The airplane was near wings level and on a 249.7 degree heading. From subframe 2982 to 2984, the elevators were deflected to 15.47 degrees trailing edge down and then toward 22.59 degrees trailing edge up. The pitch angle of the airplane decreased to 2.11. From subframe 2282 to 2985, the left wing spoilers reached 34.13 degrees. The right wing spoilers reached 28.41 degrees. Both wing spoilers then began to retract. At subframe 2984, a second vertical acceleration spike of 3.03 g's occurred From subframe 2985 through 2988, the elevators were deflected in a similar manner as s
the pilot's improper in-flight planning/decision, which allowed the airplane (MD-11) to encounter wake turbulence from a larger/heavy jet airplane (Boeing 747), while on a short final approach for landing on a close-by/parallel runway with a staggered threshold. Factors relating to the accident were the staggered/off-set runway thresholds, which positioned the normal approach path of runway 24R below that of runway 24L; the steeper than normal final approach path; and the left crosswind, which resulted in wake turbulence drifting from the Boeing 747's approach path to the MD-11's approach path.
Source: NTSB Aviation Accident Database
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