Kansas City, MO, USA
N814HK
Embraer EMB-145LR
The airplane sustained minor damage as a result of an uncontained failure of the left engine. Examination of the airplane revealed that the left engine's fan spinner was completely missing, and the forward fan blade retainer was missing a 90-degree section of the bolt flange. Several pieces of the fan spinner were recovered within the cowl. The NTSB's examination of the fan blade forward retaining ring revealed features indicative of overstress failure which originated on the forward face adjacent to a linear impression. The length and location of the linear impression corresponded to the corner on one of the bolt lugs on the aft side of the spinner. The linear impression contained evidence of fretting damage. The inside radius between the retaining ring's raised lip, and the flange was within the range specified by the manufacturer. The spinner's bolt lugs had a sharp outside corner where the spinner would interface with the radius on the retaining ring. The forging drawing for this part did not specify a radius; however, a manufacturer's representative indicated that an engineering drawing for the spinner specified that exterior corners have an edge break with a radius between 0.005 and 0.020 inches. The combination of the radius on the retaining ring, and the sharp edge on the aft side of the spinner, resulted in an interference when the parts were assembled. The manufacturer's examination of the retained parts indicated the presence of high cycle fatigue on both the spinner and the fan blade retaining ring. Three dimensional finite element analysis of the fan spinner, and forward fan blade retaining ring predicted a reduced low cycle fatigue life. As a result of this investigation, the manufacturer initiated a one-time, on-wing eddy current inspection of all the one-piece fan spinners to be accomplished within 18 months or 2,000 hours. The manufacturer also initiated a re-design of the fan spinner, and indicated that the one-piece fan spinners will be removed from service by the end of 2010.
HISTORY OF FLIGHT On May 19, 2005, about 0925 central daylight time, an Embraer EMB-145LR, N814HK, operated as Trans States Airlines, doing business as American Connection Flight 5699, piloted by an airline transport pilot, sustained minor damage as a result of an uncontained failure of the left engine as the airplane climbed through flight level 310 near Kansas City, Missouri. The airplane returned to the departure airport where an uneventful landing was made. The air carrier flight was operating under the provisions of 14 CFR Part 121 and was on an instrument flight rules flight plan. There were 51 passengers and 3 crewmembers on board. Two of the passengers were reported to be "lap-children". No injuries were reported. The flight originated from the St. Louis International Airport (STL), St. Louis, Missouri, and was bound for the Denver International Airport (DEN), Denver, Colorado. DAMAGE TO AIRCRAFT Examination of the airplane following the incident revealed that the left engine's fan spinner was completely missing and the forward fan blade retainer was missing a 90-degree section of the bolt flange. Several pieces of the fan spinner cap were recovered from within the cowl. The fan case had two holes. One of the holes was adjacent to a hole in the engine cowling. Several small holes and dents were found in the fuselage skin adjacent to the left engine's inlet. The engine was removed for further examination (See the "Tests and Research" section of this report). AIRCRAFT INFORMATION The airplane, serial number 145046, was an Embraer model EMB-145LR transport category airplane configured to seat 50 passengers in addition to the 3 crewmembers. Two Rolls Royce model AE3007A1 turbofan engines powered the airplane. Each engine was rated to produce 7,580 pounds of thrust for takeoff. At the time of the incident, the left engine, serial number CAE311524, had accumulated 11,682.6 hours and 8,535 cycles since new. The engine was installed on N814HK on March 1, 2004, and had accumulated 3,775.3 hours and 2,240 cycles since that time. Review of the aircraft maintenance records did not indicate any discrepancies or maintenance activity with regard to the left engine except for routine oil servicing. TESTS AND RESEARCH Examination of the engine consisted of a partial disassembly of the engine and metallurgical examination of the forward fan blade retaining ring and the recovered portions of the fan spinner. The examination of the engine did not reveal any defects that could have contributed to the separation of the fan spinner. The pieces of the spinner and forward fan retaining ring were examined by the National Transportation Safety Board's (NTSB) materials laboratory, and Rolls Royce. The engine's spinner was fabricated from forged aluminum and was attached to the forward fan blade retaining ring with 12 bolts located around its perimeter. The aft side of the spinner had 12 bolt lugs around the perimeter that corresponded to the location of the bolt holes. The retaining ring had a flange for attaching the spinner and a raised lip inboard of the fan spinner bolt holes that interfaced with the inside diameter of the spinner's bolt lugs. The NTSB examination of the fan blade forward retaining ring revealed features indicative of overstress failure which originated on the forward face adjacent to a linear impression. The length and location of the linear impression corresponded to the corner of one of the bolt lugs on the aft side of the spinner. The linear impression contained evidence of fretting damage. The inside radius between the retaining ring's raised lip and the flange was measured as 0.059 inches which was within the range specified by Rolls Royce (0.04 to 0.08 inches). The spinner's bolt lugs had a sharp outside corner where the spinner would interface with the radius on the retaining ring. The forging drawing for this part did not specify a radius; however, a Rolls Royce representative indicated that an engineering drawing for the spinner specified that exterior corners have an edge break with a radius between 0.005 and 0.020 inches. The combination of the radius on the retaining ring and the sharp edge on the aft side of the spinner resulted in an interference when the parts were assembled. The Rolls Royce examination of the retained parts indicated the presence of high cycle fatigue on both the spinner and the fan blade retaining ring. Rolls Royce performed three dimensional finite element analysis of the fan spinner and forward fan blade retaining ring. Two configurations were examined, one that represented the interference between the fan spinner and the radius on the retaining ring, and a second configuration for a spinner that has a chamfered edge as opposed to the sharp corner to eliminate the interference. The results showed that the non-chamfered spinner would result in higher cyclic stresses at the retaining ring's bolt circle flange, which would result in a reduced low cycle fatigue life. Rolls Royce also performed spin pit testing of several non-chamfered fan spinners. Two new fan spinners cracked at about 22,500 and 19,000 cycles respectively. One fan spinner that had accumulated about 10,000 cycles in service was also tested and developed cracks at about 18,500 cycles. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION As a result of this investigation, Rolls-Royce initiated a one-time, on-wing eddy current inspection of all of the one-piece fan spinners that was to be accomplished within 18 months or 2,000 hours. Rolls-Royce also initiated a re-design of the fan spinner and indicated that the one-piece fan spinners will be removed from service by the end of 2010.
The fatigue failure during cruise flight of the fan spinner and forward fan retaining ring due to an interference between the mating parts resulting from the inadequate design by the manufacturer.
Source: NTSB Aviation Accident Database
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