El Cajon, CA, USA
N9531B
Cessna 172RG
N759KE
Cessna 182Q
A Cessna 182Q and a Cessna 172RG, were operating in class D airspace and departed from the same airport. The Cessna 172RG was operating under instrument flight rules as an instructional flight (IFR) and receiving radar service from an approach control facility, while the Cessna 182 was operating under visual flight rules (VFR) and had been released from communication with air traffic control. The pilot undergoing instruction in the Cessna 172RG was most likely wearing a view limiting device which tasked the certified flight instructor seated in the right seat to serve as both an instructor and a safety pilot. The Cessna 172RG departed first, performing a right 260-degree turn over the airport and was assigned a southwest heading by the controller. The Cessna 182Q departed to the west and made a left turn, while climbing in a southeasterly direction. The heading assigned to the Cessna 172RG put it on a direct collision course with the Cessna 182Q, with a collision angle of 40 degrees. Following a discussion with the controller about the pilot's intentions upon completion of an approach, the controller instructed the Cessna 172RG to fly heading 190. The pilot read back, "One nine" and no further transmissions were received from the Cessna 172RG. In class D airspace, there is no specified separation requirement between VFR and IFR aircraft. However, controllers still have a responsibility to be vigilant for potential collisions between aircraft under these circumstances. This accident occurred after the controllers in communication with the Cessna 172RG had received a sustained conflict alert involving the Cessna 172RG and Cessna 182Q (operating on a VFR transponder code), but failed to recognize or resolve the conflict. Comparisons of the calculated convergence angles of the two airplanes showed that for an 85th percentile male seated in the left seat (Cessna did not create pilot view angles for pilots seated in the front right seat), the Cessna 172RG pilot was about 15 degrees outside of the right view angle and the Cessna 182Q pilot was within about 6 degrees of the left view angle.
1.1 History of the Flight On February 8, 2006, at 1642 Pacific standard time, a Cessna 172RG, N9531B, and a Cessna 182Q, N759KE, collided in flight approximately 3 miles south of the Gillespie Field Airport in El Cajon, California. Both airplanes were destroyed in the collision sequence and post impact fires. The two occupants of the Cessna 172RG and the sole occupant of the Cessna 182Q were fatally injured. The collision occurred over a densely populated residential area and multiple homes sustained damage from the falling debris; there were no reported ground injuries. Both airplanes were operated under 14 CFR Part 91, the Cessna 172RG by Scandinavian Flight Academy, Inc. as an instructional flight and the Cessna 182Q, by a private pilot, as a personal flight. The Cessna 172RG was registered to the operator and the Cessna 182Q was registered to a private company. The Cessna 172RG departed from Gillespie Field, at 1637 on an instrument flight rules (IFR) clearance and was destined for Brown Field Municipal Airport, San Diego, California, located 15 miles south of Gillespie Field. The Cessna 182Q departed from Gillespie Field at 1638 on a local visual flight rules flight (VFR) to the Brown Field Municipal Airport. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and included high broken cloud cover with visibility of 25 miles. 1.1.1 Air Traffic Control History The Cessna 172RG contacted Gillespie Field ground control (also working clearance delivery) at 1620:08, initially requesting a tower en route IFR clearance to McClellan-Palomar Airport, Carlsbad, California, located 24 nautical miles northwest of Gillespie Field. At 1620:31, a different voice changed the destination airport to Brown Field. The controller issued a clearance to depart via the published Gillespie Field departure procedure to Mission Bay (MZB) which was as follows: maintain 3,000 feet, expect 4,000 feet 10 minutes after departure. The pilot was given a discrete transponder code of 5276. The pilot read back the altitude clearance correctly. The Cessna 172RG requested taxi clearance at 1622 and was instructed to taxi to runway 27R. The Cessna 182Q had been engaged in VFR pattern work at Gillespie Field, executing several full stop landings and taxiing back for departure after each one. At 1633:45, the Cessna 182Q reported ready for departure at runway 27R. At 1635:52, the local controller instructed the Cessna 172RG to stand by for IFR release, and then cleared the flight for takeoff at 1637:12. The Cessna 182Q was cleared for takeoff at 1638:31. The Cessna 172RG departed to the west and then executed a right 270-degree turn in accordance with the published instrument departure procedure, crossing overhead runways 27L and 27R southbound climbing through about 1,400 feet. The pilot was instructed to contact SCT at 1638:48. The Cessna 182Q departed runway 27R at 1638:31, proceeded straight out to state highway 125 and then turned southbound. At 1640:38, the pilot requested and received permission to go off frequency. At that time, the Cessna 182Q was about 1.6 nm west of the Cessna 172RG, climbing through 1,700 feet. There was no further Gillespie Field ATCT contact with either aircraft. The Cessna 172RG contacted the SCT East Radar sector at 1639:41, climbing through 1,300 feet to 3,000 feet. The controller acknowledged. At 1640:24, the radar controller radar identified the Cessna 172RG one half mile south of Gillespie Field, instructing the pilot to maintain 2,600 feet and fly a heading of 200 degrees and expect vectors to the POGGI 336 radial. The pilot read back the wrong radial, and the controller corrected him. At 1640:54, the controller read the Brown Field weather to the pilot and told the pilot to expect the VOR-A approach. An aural alarm consistent with a conflict alert warning was audible in the background of this ATC transmission and no action was taken by ATC. Between 1641:08 and 1641:31, the Cessna 172RG pilot and controller discussed the pilot's intentions following completion of the VOR-A approach. At 1641:34, the controller instructed the Cessna 172RG to fly heading 190. The pilot read back "One nine" At 1641:43, the controller repeats the heading instruction. At 1641:46, static is heard on the frequency. The controller called the Cessna 172RG at 1641:49 and at 1641:59 with no response. At 1642:12, a pilot of Eagle Flight 87 reported, "…two uh targets just ahead of us uh down a couple thousand they were just two fireballs and uh both look like they hit the ground." The controller acknowledged, and at 1642:24 another pilot confirmed the report. 1.1.2 Radar Information Recorded radar data was obtained from the Southern California Terminal Radar Approach Control (SCT) facility using data from the airport surveillance radar (ASR-9) located near Miramar, California. The radar data was analyzed for time frame and proximity to the anticipated flight tracks of the airplanes en route from Gillespie. Based on the information, two radar tracks were located that were consistent with the respective paths of flight. The Cessna 172RG was directly overhead the airport at 1639:55 at an elevation of 1,300 feet mean sea level (msl) and its path of travel was generally southbound. At 1640:51, the Cessna 172RG was climbing through 1,900 feet msl and the flight path changed to a south-southwest direction while it was overhead of Interstate 8. At 1640:00, the Cessna 182 was west-southwest bound at an elevation of 1,200 feet msl. The Cessna 182 climbed through 1,900 feet at 1640:51 and was established in a south-southeast direction of flight after transitioning from the upwind leg. The respective airplanes' courses continued in the aforementioned directions with the Cessna 172RG slightly ahead and higher than the Cessna 182, until the collision, at approximately 1642 and at an elevation of 2,300 feet msl. 1.1.3 Witness Information A witness, who was a professional airline pilot, observed the accident while located at a private residence in the Mount Helix area. He noted two airplanes flying approximately 1,800 feet mean sea level (msl), with one flying southwest bound and the other moving eastward. They were both high-wing airplanes and one appeared to be larger than the other, with a size differentiation similar to a Cessna 152 in comparison to a Cessna 172. The airplanes appeared to be in the Gillespie Field class D airspace when the eastbound airplane impacted the right side of the southwest bound airplane. Upon impact, there was an instant ball of fire and the wings separated from the fuselages of the airplanes as they descended to the ground. Another witness was driving her car westbound, approaching Interstate 8 (I-8). She looked upward to the sky and noticed an airplane following I-8 in an eastward direction. She subsequently observed another airplane flying westbound, which appeared at a slightly lower altitude. If the airplanes continued on their present paths, it appeared that their respective paths would intersect. The airplanes did not appear to be in distress. As she continued to watch the airplanes, the airplane flying east impacted the airplane flying west at its approximate 3-o'clock position. The eastbound airplane appeared to impact the westbound airplane on the right side from its front to middle section. The witness did not see an immediate fire but soon after the collision, pieces fell from the airplanes in an arc-like pattern. 1.2 Other Damage Debris was scattered from the airplanes across a 6-block area consisting of a residential neighborhood and a park. As the right wing of the Cessna 182Q landed in front of a residence, fuel sprayed from the fuel bladder onto the front of the residence, which subsequently sustained considerable fire damage. The left wing of the Cessna 172RG landed on a residence, penetrating the structure; the right wing landed in a parking lot and a parked vehicle sustained fire damage. 1.3 Personnel Information 1.3.1 Cessna 172RG Pilots' Information 1.3.1.1 Certified Flight Instructor The certified flight instructor (CFI) was authorized to teach single and multi-engine airplanes and provide instrument instruction. The CFI obtained his certificate in August 2005, on his first attempt. No personal flight logbooks were recovered for the CFI, and according to the operator, were most likely onboard the airplane during the accident. On his last application for a first-class Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) medical certificate, dated September 10, 2004, the CFI reported 212.4 hours of total pilot time. The operator reported that the CFI had 570 hours of flight time when the accident occurred, accruing 27 hours in the last 30 days. The operator indicated that the CFI was seated in the right front seat of the airplane at the time of the accident and was providing instrument instruction. 1.3.1.2 Pilot Undergoing Instruction The pilot undergoing instruction (PUI) did not hold any FAA airman certificates. He was issued a first-class FAA medical certificate on November 29, 2005, with a limitation that he must wear corrective lenses. On the application, the PUI reported 305 hours of total pilot time with no hours accumulated in the past 6 months. The PUI held a commercial pilot certificate issued by the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAR or JAA). He was attending Scandinavian Flight Academy to obtain FAA-issued commercial and CFI certificates for single and multi-engine airplanes and instrument instruction. He began at the academy on January 5, 2006, and had flown 15 flights and attended 1 simulator session prior to the accident. The PUI also attended the academy in 2004, for multi-engine time building at which time he flew 35 hours over a period of 3 months. The PUI was seated in the Cessna 172RG left seat and is presumed by the operator to have been wearing a view-limiting device (for training purposes) at the time of the collision. According to 14 CFR Part 91.109 (b), no person may operate an aircraft in simulated instrument flight unless the other control seat is occupied by a safety pilot who possesses at least a private pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft being flown. In addition, the safety pilot must have adequate vision forward and to each side of the aircraft, or a competent observer in the aircraft adequately supplements the vision of the safety pilot. 1.4.2 Cessna 182Q Pilot Information The Cessna 182Q pilot held a private pilot certificate and was undergoing instruction to obtain his instrument rating. The accident flight was not instructional. The pilot's third-class FAA medical certificate was issued on August 25, 2005. A personal flight logbook for the pilot showed that he had amassed a total of 321 flight hours. The last entry in the logbook was February 6, 2006. According to a family member of the pilot, the pilot flew the airplane from the left seat. 1.4 Airplane Information 1.4.1 Cessna 172RG The Cessna 172RG was manufactured in 1981. The airplane was equipped with a Lycoming engine, model O-360-F1A6, and a controllable pitch McCauley propeller, model B2D34C220-B. According to the logbooks, the last maintenance performed on the airplane was a 100-hour inspection completed on December 16, 2005. The last annual inspection was completed on February 15, 2005. According to the operator, the airplane departed with 45 gallons of fuel onboard. It was not equipped with a traffic avoidance system. 1.4.2 Cessna 182Q The Cessna 182Q was manufactured in 1977. The airplane was powered by a Teledyne Continental engine, model O-470-U, and a controllable pitch McCauley propeller, model 2A34C204. The airplane was fueled at Crownair Aviation prior to departure from Montgomery Field; 19.5 gallons were added to the airplane. The airplane's avionics included a Garmin GTX 330 and Apollo MX 20. The Garmin GTX 330 relays information to the Apollo MX 20 and in part, is used to provide traffic information service (TIS) to the pilot during flight through mode S data link. Due to the damage sustained to the units, no functional testing was performed. According to a family member of the pilot, the unit had undergone recent maintenance and he was not sure if the unit had been set to provide TIS. 1.5 Meteorological Information The closest official aviation weather information was an unedited surface weather observation for Gillespie Field. At 1647, 5 minutes following the accident, the weather was reported as: ceiling, 20,000 feet broken; visibility, 25 statute miles; wind from 260 degrees at 8 knots; temperature, 73 degrees Fahrenheit; dew point, not reported; and altimeter, 29.93 inches of mercury. 1.6 Communications At the time of the accident, the Cessna 172RG was in radio contact with the Southern California Terminal Radar Approach Control facility and as noted earlier, was assigned a discrete transponder code of 5276 . The Cessna 182Q had switched off frequency from the Gillespie Air Traffic Control Tower at 1640:48 and was assigned a visual flight rules transponder code of 1200. 1.7 Wreckage and Impact Information The airplanes collided in flight over a densely populated area of El Cajon and debris showered into neighborhoods and into Harry Griffen Park, located in the city of La Mesa, California. The distance between the impact point of the main wreckages of the Cessna 172RG and the Cessna 182Q was about 810 feet. 1.7.1 Cessna 172RG The blue on white Cessna 172RG impacted flat terrain in Harry Griffen Park. With the exception of the wings of the airplane, the majority of the wreckage was confined to the impact area. Various small pieces of debris were located throughout the neighborhood sections of the overall accident site. The engine and propeller remained attached to the forward fuselage section. The structure was thermally consumed in a post-impact fire. The right wing of the Cessna 172RG was located about 620 feet north of the main wreckage in a parking lot for Harry Griffen Park. Fire damage was evident on the wing and a liquid had seeped from the wing and left a mark on the pavement of the parking lot. The left wing came to rest approximately 935 feet north-northeast of the main wreckage on a residence that bordered Harry Griffen Park. The wings came to rest approximately 430 feet from each other. 1.7.2 Cessna 182Q The red on white Cessna 182Q crashed into a mulberry tree in the backyard of a residence and was covered with branches. The main wreckage contained evidence of fire; however, the fire was extinguished by the neighboring resident following the airplane's ground impact. The propeller remained attached to the engine crankshaft and propeller blades did not display gouging or twisting. The upper 3/4 of the vertical stabilizer and rudder were separated and later located in the yards of two separate residences. The top portion of the vertical stabilizer was 1,345 feet north-northeast of the main wreckage. The top portion of the rudder was 1,185 feet from the main wreckage. The right wing was located 1,000 feet north-northeast of the main wreckage in the front yard of a residence. The residence and wing sustained fire damage. The left wing was located in a tree-covered area of the park approximately 775 feet northwest of the main wreckage and near the locations of the Cessna 172RG wings. Investigators located the Cessna 182Q left wing aileron between the left wing of the Cessna 182Q and the left wing of the Cessna 172RG. Investigators examined all structures and debris of the airplanes for impact marks and paint transfers. Several marks were evident on the Cessna 182Q left wing. A blue mark, consistent with the color of the 172RG, on the outboard, underside of the left wing was measured to be at a 40-degree angle to the longitudinal axis of the airplane, from the leading edge-outboard, the mark extended to the trailing edge-inboard. The separated left aileron contained a similar blue mark that was perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the airplane. Investigators examined the separated sections of the Cessna 182Q's vertical stabilizer and rudder and noted blue marks. A blue
The pilots of both airplanes failure to maintain an adequate visual lookout due to their relative flight paths, which limited the available visual cues. Factors were the failure of the air traffic controller(s) to issue a conflict alert to the Cessna 172RG after repeated visual and aural warnings of an impending collision and the task load of the certified flight instructor.
Source: NTSB Aviation Accident Database
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