Lihue, HI, USA
N410UB
Hawker Beechcraft Corporation 1900C
The pilot was flying a night, single-pilot, cargo flight over water between two islands. He had routine contact with air traffic control, and was advised by the controller to maintain 6,000 feet at 0501 hours when the airplane was 11 miles from the destination airport. Two minutes later the flight was cleared for a visual approach to follow a preceding Boeing 737 and advised to switch to the common traffic advisory frequency at the airport. The destination airport was equipped with an air traffic control tower but it was closed overnight. The accident flight's radar-derived flight path showed that the pilot altered his flight course to the west, most likely for spacing from the airplane ahead, and descended into the water as he began a turn back toward the airport. The majority of the wreckage sank in 4,800 feet of water and was not recovered, so examinations and testing could not be performed. As a result, the functionality of the altitude and attitude instruments in the cockpit could not be determined. A performance study showed, however, that the airspeed, pitch, rates of descent, and bank angles of the airplane during the approach were within expected normal ranges, and the pilot did not make any transmissions during the approach that indicated he was having any problems. In fact, another cargo flight crew that landed just prior to the accident airplane and an airport employee reported that the pilot transmitted that he was landing on the active runway, and was 7 miles from landing. Radar data showed that when the airplane was 6.5 miles from the airport, at the location of the last recorded radar return, the radar target's mode C altitude report showed an altitude of minus 100 feet mean sea level. The pilot most likely descended into the ocean because he became spatially disoriented. Although visual meteorological conditions prevailed, no natural horizon and few external visual references were available during the visual approach. This increased the importance of monitoring flight instruments to maintain awareness of the airplane attitude and altitude. The pilot's tasks during the approach, however, included maintaining visual separation from the airplane ahead and lining up with the destination runway. These tasks required visual attention outside the cockpit. These competing tasks probably created shifting visual frames of reference, left the pilot vulnerable to common visual and vestibular illusions, and reduced his awareness of the airplane's attitude, altitude and trajectory.
HISTORY OF FLIGHT On January 14, 2008, at 0508 Hawaiian standard time, N410UB, a Hawker Beechcraft Corporation 1900C, was lost from radar over the ocean about 6.5 nautical miles south of the Lihue Airport, Lihue, Hawaii, located on the island of Kauai. Alpine Aviation Inc., doing business as Alpine Air, was operating the airplane as an on-demand cargo flight, AIP 253, under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 135. The airline transport pilot, who was not located, is presumed to have been killed, and the airplane was destroyed. Night visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan had been filed. The flight departed Honolulu International Airport, Honolulu, Hawaii, on the island of Oahu, at 0443, and was destined for Lihue. According to the operator, the pilot was making his first flight after coming off of a rest period. The purpose of the flight was to transfer mail to Lihue, with a return flight to Honolulu later that same day. The flight was scheduled to arrive at Lihue about 0515. A Safety Board air traffic control specialist reviewed the air traffic control information surrounding the accident flight. The pilot contacted the Honolulu Control Facility (HCF) controller at 0443:23, and was later advised to climb to 10,000 feet mean sea level (msl). The pilot was then advised to contact approach. At 0449:08, the pilot contacted approach and advised that the airplane was climbing to 10,000 feet msl. At 0453:50, the flight crew of Aloha Airlines (AAH) 917 contacted the HCF controller and advised that they were climbing to 12,000 feet msl, and they could see the Beech 1900. They were advised to maintain visual separation with the Beech 1900, and cleared to proceed direct to Lihue. At 0454:24, the AAH 917 flight crew requested to level off at 14,000 feet. About 4 minutes later, AIP 253 was instructed to descend at pilot discretion and maintain 2,000 feet. The controller verified that the pilot had Lihue weather, and provided him with the current altimeter setting. A few seconds later, the controller advised AIP 253 that he had traffic overtaking him and that he should expect a visual approach to follow the traffic. At 0459:50, the HCF controller began providing the relieving controller a position relief briefing. After the relieving controller advised he had no questions about the briefing, the controller being relieved transferred control of the position. At 0501:08, the HCF controller instructed AIP 253 to maintain 6,000 feet, and the pilot acknowledged. About 6 seconds later, the controller asked AAH 917 if they still had visual contact with AIP 253 and the AAH 917 crew indicated, "Yes, sir, he's, ah, no factor." AAH 917 was then cleared to 2,000 feet msl and told to maintain visual separation with AIP 253. At 0502:39, the HCF controller advised the AAH 917 crew to report the field in sight. The flight crew replied that they had visual contact with the airport. The HCF controller then cleared AAH 917 for a visual approach into Lihue airport, terminated radar services, and instructed the flight crew to change to the advisory frequency and report on the ground. At 0503:30, the HCF controller instructed AIP 253 to, "Follow the Boeing 737, cleared visual approach to Lihue airport. Radar service terminated. Change to advisory frequency approved and report on the ground please." A few seconds later, the pilot replied, "OK, we'll follow him in visual approach and, ah, we're switching (unreadable). So long." At 0506:53, the HCF sector 2 (R2) controller called the sector 3 (R3) controller stating that he was monitoring the sector frequency and was ready to receive a position briefing in order to separate the two sectors. The R3 controller indicated that there were two visual approaches at Lihue. At 0507:26, according to radar data, the minimum safe altitude warning (MSAW) aural and visual alarms activated on AIP 253 on the R3 controller's radar display for 32 seconds. The controller was not in contact with the pilot when the warning occurred, so the pilot was not advised of the MSAW alert. Thirteen seconds later, AAH 917 canceled the need for radar service inbound to Lihue. At 0507:58, AIP 253 was lost from radar about 6.5 miles south-southeast of the airport, and the radar data showed an altitude of minus 100 feet mean sea level. At 0515:17 and 0518:06, the R2 controller attempted to reestablish contact with the pilot, but was unsuccessful. The AAH 917 flight crew submitted a written statement. The captain reported that during the flight from Honolulu to Lihue, they were advised of an airplane overhead at 10,000 feet. They called the traffic "in sight" and were given a direct clearance to Lihue. They continued their climb to 14,000 feet and maintained visual separation with the other airplane. They accelerated to cruise speed, and were given a clearance to 10,000 feet. They were able to maintain visual separation with the other airplane as they passed it about the 3 o'clock position and a few miles laterally. They were approximately 40 miles from the Lihue airport when they were given a clearance to descend to 2,000 feet. They visually identified the airport approximately 25 miles from their current position and were given a visual approach to Lihue. Air traffic control advised them to contact the common traffic advisory frequency and they made position reports prior to landing. During their approach to landing, they heard Alpine Air come on the frequency and communicate his position from Lihue as, "15 southeast of the airport." The first officer later heard a position report from Alpine Air reporting, "...about 7 miles from the airport." There was no distress call on the frequency, nor was there any indication that there was a problem. When they contacted air traffic control for departure, the captain said, "They asked us to look for a Beechcraft on the ground because they were still waiting for a cancellation from the aircraft." The captain reported that they saw an aircraft that appeared to be a Beechcraft on the ramp in the distance. One of the assistant chief pilots for Alpine Air-Hawaii submitted a written statement. At 0623, the assistant chief pilot was notified that the airplane had not arrived in Lihue. He was about 8 minutes from landing at Honolulu and contacted HCF to ask about the whereabouts of the airplane. The HCF controller advised him that the flight plan had been canceled at 0515. After the assistant chief pilot landed, he confirmed with the Lihue ground crew that the airplane was not on the ground. He then contacted HCF and advised them that the airplane had not arrived at Lihue. HCF then reported that the AAH 917 flight crew had confirmed that the airplane was on the ground so the clearance was canceled, but that they did not receive a cancellation directly from the accident pilot. The assistant chief pilot then advised HCF to contact the Coast Guard and Lihue fire rescue. The Coast Guard indicated that debris from an airplane was initially identified floating on the ocean surface at 0848, approximately 11 miles south-southwest of the airport. The water depths in the search area were up to 800 fathoms (4,800 feet). Additional debris was identified and collected and then transported to the Coast Guard station at Lihue. The Coast Guard discontinued the search on the afternoon of January 15. PERSONNEL INFORMATION Pilot Information The pilot, age 38, held an airline transport pilot certificate for multi-engine land issued on November 4, 2006, and was issued a type rating in the Beech 1900 on October 12, 2007. The pilot also held a type rating for a Bombardier CL-65 with second-in-command privileges. In addition, the pilot held a flight instructor certificate for single-engine land. The pilot held a first-class airman medical certificate issued on January 7, 2008, with no limitations. On the medical application, the pilot reported 3,000 hours total pilot time, with 300 hours accrued during the past 6 months. 72-Hour History According to those who had spent time with the pilot over the 72 hours leading up to the accident, nothing appeared unusual in the pilot's daily activities. On Friday, January 11, he completed a flight at 0650, and spent the day sleeping and relaxing. He went surfing and had dinner with his family. The pilot then flew four flights. He began these flights on January 12 at 0145, and then had a rest period in Lihue from 0425 until his next scheduled flight at 1725. The following morning the pilot slept until about 1300, and then went to the beach with his girlfriend. They ate about 1600 and then were sleeping about 1800. The pilot left for work earlier than normal on Sunday night because he had to make an extra stop on his way to the airport. The pilot contacted his girlfriend at 1230 and told her that the flight would be delayed due to the lack of mail, and that he was going to sleep until his next flight. Alpine personnel working the morning of the accident flight reported that the pilot arrived to the office about midnight. He appeared to be in good spirits and alert. The pilot's first flight to Lihue had been canceled due to a low volume of mail. The pilot slept for approximately 2 hours before getting ready for the accident flight. AIRCRAFT INFORMATION The airplane, a Hawker Beechcraft Corporation 1900C, was manufactured in 1989. According to the airplane's Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aircraft Airworthiness file, it was powered by two Pratt and Whitney PT6A-65B engines equipped with Hartzell HC-B4MP propellers. Review of copies of maintenance logbook records showed a routine inspection was completed on November 11, 2007, at a total airframe time of 19,123.9 hours. The last available Aircraft Flight and Maintenance Log entry dated January 12, 2008, showed that the airplane had accrued 19,194.9 hours. The airplane was not equipped with a ground proximity warning system, and altitude was monitored using the altimeter. Company pilots also reported using the precision approach path indicator (PAPI) and instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope for guidance when flying into Lihue. The load manifest for the flight was not located. Using the previous flight's load manifest sheet, investigators calculated an estimate loading for the accident flight. On January 12, the airplane's last flight prior to the accident flight, the airplane departed Lihue with 1,800 pounds of fuel. The flight from Lihue to Honolulu would have consumed about 600 pounds of fuel. Fueling records from Honolulu showed that the airplane was fueled with 1,150 pounds of fuel on January 14, for a total of 2,350 pounds. According to the USPS, the airplane was carrying 4,186 pounds of mail. Using the crew weight previously entered by the pilot, the ramp weight of the airplane was 16,098 pounds, with a takeoff weight of 15,988 pounds. The landing weight would have been about 15,388 pounds. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION Pieces of the wreckage were recovered by the Coast Guard and brought to a secure storage facility. An FAA inspector examined the wreckage initially, and then a Safety Board investigator performed a follow up examination. These pieces included the front cabin door, the rear cargo door, various personnel effects of the pilot, a life raft, approximately half of the mail (in weight) that was being transported, and one of the landing gear. Multiple smaller pieces were also recovered. In June, two fiberglass pieces of the wreckage were identified on the shore of Niihau. In November, landing gear presumed to be from the accident airplane washed ashore on the island of Kauai. METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION The following weather conditions were reported at Lihue Airport at 0453: wind from 030 degrees at 23 knots with gusts to 27 knots, 10 miles visibility, cloud layers scattered at 4,100 feet and overcast at 5,500 feet, temperature 20 degrees Celsius, dew point 13 degrees Celsius, and the altimeter setting was 30.13 inches of Mercury. A Surface Analysis chart prepared by the National Weather Service (NWS) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) for 1400 January 13 and 0200 January 14 showed a cold front moving through the islands and a northerly-northeasterly low-level air flow behind the front. The Kauai Weather Surveillance Radar-1988, Doppler (PHKI WSR-88D), which was located about 13 nautical miles from the accident location, showed reflectivity returns. The radar beam center at the lowest scan (0.5-degree) in vicinity of the accident location was at approximately 1,100 feet msl. In addition, the maximum reflectivity near the accident location was approximately 20 decibels of Z (dBZ). AIRPORT INFORMATION An Airport Duty Operations Controller was conducting an airport inspection while the accident airplane was approaching the airport. He recalled that he heard a pilot who identified himself as Alpine Air state that he was, "...landing 35 and 7 miles out." Airport personnel reported that the runway lights, medium intensity approach lighting system with runway alignment indicator lights (MALSR), and PAPI lights for runway 35, were functional at the time of the accident. ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION Alpine Air has been operating since 1975, and is based in Provo, Utah. They operate cargo routes in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Hawaii, and Washington. Alpine Air has been operating in Hawaii since April of 2004. Their Hawaiian base is located at Honolulu International Airport where they employ 14 pilots, 10 maintenance personnel, 1 office manager, and 1 station manager. At the time of the accident, the Hawaii operations included four Beech 1900C airplanes, and four Beech 99 airplanes. The Hawaii base consists of two Assistant Chief Pilots and a shop manager. The two Assistant Chief Pilots, report directly to the operations manager (Chief Pilot) located in Provo, who visits the Hawaii base two times per year. The shop manager reports directly to the Director of Maintenance in Provo, who visits the Hawaii base three times a year. In addition, the General Manager for Alpine Air visits the Hawaii base every other month. All pilot ground training is conducted in Provo, and all flight checks and check rides are performed at the Hawaii base. According to the General Operations Manual for Alpine, "When an aircraft is overdue and unreported and there is reason to believe that the aircraft is in distress or has been involved in an accident, accident notification procedures will be followed." The Salt Lake City Federal Aviation Administration Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) provides oversight for Alpine Air. The Honolulu FSDO had assigned a Geographic Operations Inspector (GOI) who retired in September of 2007. According to Alpine Air, a new GOI had not been assigned. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Human Performance Observational Study A Safety Board human performance investigator traveled from Honolulu International Airport to Lihue Airport to document the nighttime visual cues as seen from several airborne fixes located near the ground track of the accident airplane. The observation was conducted during dark, night visual meteorological conditions. The human performance investigator occupied a cockpit jump seat on an airplane during the observation. During the observation flight, very low levels of celestial illumination were observed. The ocean was completely dark. The lights on the island were grouped into two distinct areas during the approach into the airport: a bright area northeast of the Ha'upu Range (to the right) and a fainter area southwest of the Ha'upu Range (to the left). No other lights were visible and all of the unlit terrain was completely dark. As the airplane flew from the NAPUA fix toward MORKE, and then onto AKULE, a very faint patch of illumination was visible a few thousand feet above the coastline. However, the only real external visual cues were the two lighted areas on either side of the flight crews' forward field of view. These areas provided some outside visual indication of changes in bank while flying toward the mountain range, but the lack of any other external visua
The pilot's spatial disorientation and loss of situational awareness. Contributing to the accident were the dark night and the task requirements of simultaneously monitoring the cockpit instruments and the other airplane.
Source: NTSB Aviation Accident Database
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