Venice, FL, USA
N4676F
PIPER PA28
The pilot was departing on a visual flight rules flight from an airport located on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico in dark night conditions. Flight track information revealed that the airplane took off toward the Gulf and climbed to a peak altitude of about 75 ft above ground level before entering a descent. During the descent, the airplane accelerated before the track data ended in the vicinity of the accident site, which was located in the water about 1,800 ft past the departure end of the runway. Airport surveillance video from the time of the accident depicted an airplane departing with little to no angle of climb into a dark sky over dark water with no discernable horizon. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the airport at the time of the accident, with a broken cloud ceiling about 5,000 ft above ground level. Although the moon was above the horizon and about 83% of its visible disk was illuminated, it would have been located behind the pilot given the direction of the takeoff and was likely not readily visible due to the cloud ceiling. Examination of the wreckage revealed no pre-impact mechanical anomalies. The pilot began his flight training about 1 year before the accident, received his pilot certificate 4 months before the accident, and did not possess an instrument rating. The pilot had accrued 4.6 total hours of night-flying experience, 1.1 hours of which was accrued about 6 weeks before the accident, and his only night flight since receiving his pilot’s certificate. Since the pilot was not qualified for flight by reference to instruments, he would have been especially vulnerable to the onset of spatial disorientation when departing toward an area of open water devoid of cultural lighting. The flight track data and surveillance video were consistent with the pilot experiencing a form of spatial disorientation known as somatogravic illusion, in which the pilot incorrectly perceives the airplane’s acceleration as increasing pitch attitude. Such an illusion can be especially difficult to overcome because it typically occurs at low altitudes after takeoff, providing little time for recognition and subsequent corrective actions.
HISTORY OF FLIGHTOn December 3, 2022, at 1938 eastern standard time, a Piper PA-28-151, N4676F, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Venice, Florida. The private pilot and two passengers were fatally injured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 personal flight. Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) data revealed that the airplane departed St. Pete-Clearwater International Airport (PIE), St. Petersburg, Florida, on the afternoon of the accident and flew to Venice Municipal Airport (VNC), Venice, Florida. The accident occurred during takeoff on the return flight to PIE while the airplane was operating under visual flight rules. The airplane departed runway 23, which was 5,000 ft long. Flight track data showed that the airplane lifted from the runway at 1937:44, about 4,100 ft beyond the approach end of the runway at 88 knots (kts) groundspeed. Over the remaining 900 ft of runway, the airplane accelerated to 90 kts groundspeed and climbed to about 50 ft. Over the next 4 seconds, the track data showed two plots, both at an altitude of 75 ft, and at groundspeeds of 91 kts and 94 kts, respectively, before the airplane descended. At 1938:00, the final plot depicted the airplane at 0 ft and 109 kts groundspeed about 1,800 ft beyond the departure end of runway 23. Airport surveillance video from the time of the accident depicted an airplane departing runway 23 with little to no angle of climb into a dark sky. The direction of takeoff would have resulted in the airplane traveling over dark water with no discernable horizon. PERSONNEL INFORMATIONThe pilot held a private pilot certificate with a rating for airplane single-engine land. His most recent Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) third-class medical certificate was issued January 27, 2022, and he declared 10 total hours of flight experience on that date. The pilot’s logbook was not recovered. The pilot rented the accident airplane from the same operator where he received his flight training. An FAA aviation safety inspector reviewed the pilot’s rental and instruction record, which revealed that the pilot had accrued 74.2 total hours of flight experience, of which 67.6 were in the accident airplane make and model. The pilot obtained his private pilot certificate on July 31, 2022, and he had accrued 13.5 hours of flight experience since that date. The pilot had accrued 4.6 total hours of night-flying experience, 1.1 hours of which was about 6 weeks before the accident and was his only night flight since receiving his pilot certificate. METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATIONDark night conditions prevailed around VNC at the time of the accident. The reported weather included wind from 070° at 7 knots, a broken cloud ceiling at 5,000 ft above ground level (agl), and 7 statute miles visibility. Additionally, the moon was above the horizon at an elevation of 60.37° and an azimuth of 127.17° with 83.7% of its disk illuminated. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATIONLocal emergency services and a commercial ocean salvage operator recovered most of the wreckage from the floor of the Gulf of Mexico, beneath about 15 ft of water. The engine, with propeller, engine mounts, firewall, and instrument panel attached, was found separated from the airplane and recovered as one piece. The cabin, containing the 2nd row seat, and the empennage with tail section attached, was raised along with both wings, which remained attached by torn metal, control cables, and wires. Both wings displayed uniform crushing along their respective leading edges. The crushing displayed signatures consistent with hydraulic deformation. The wreckage was moved to a secure facility for examination. Control continuity was confirmed from the flight controls, through cuts made by recovery personnel, to all control surfaces. About 4 feet of the fuselage between the instrument panel and the main wing spar box, which contained the main cabin door, the front seats, and the fuel selector valve, was separated from the airframe and not recovered. Visual examination of the engine revealed only minor impact damage to the intake and exhaust stacks, mufflers, and ignition P-leads. The carburetor mount was fractured and the carburetor remained attached by the throttle and mixture cables. The engine rocker box covers were removed to facilitate the examination. The propeller was rotated by hand and continuity was established through the powertrain to the valvetrain and the accessory section. Compression was confirmed on all cylinders using the thumb method. The magnetos were removed, flushed with alcohol, dried, and produced spark at all terminal leads when rotated. The carburetor was disassembled. Examination revealed that the floats were intact, and no anomalies were noted. The oil suction screen was clean, unobstructed, and absent of debris. The engine exam revealed no pre-impact mechanical anomalies that would have prevented normal operation. ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONAccording to the FAA Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter 17, Vestibular Illusions: Somatogravic Illusion A rapid acceleration, such as experienced during takeoff, stimulates the otolith organs in the same way as tilting the head backwards. This action may create what is known as the “somatogravic illusion” of being in a nose-up attitude, especially in conditions with poor visual references. The disoriented pilot may push the aircraft into a nose-low or dive attitude. According to FAA Publication AM-400-03/1, Spatial Disorientation: The Head-Up Illusion involves a sudden forward linear acceleration during level flight where the pilot perceives the illusion that the nose of the airplane is pitching up. The pilot’s response to this illusion would be to push the yoke or the stick forward to pitch the nose of the aircraft down. A night takeoff from a well-lit airport into a totally dark sky (black hole) or a catapult take-off from and aircraft carrier can also lead to this illusion, and could result in a crash. Figure 1 - Illustration paired with paragraph above in AM-400-03/1 (FAA). MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATIONSearches conducted by the United States Coast Guard and local law enforcement after the accident recovered the passengers on board the airplane, but the search for the pilot’s remains was unsuccessful.
The pilot’s spatial disorientation during takeoff in dark night visual meteorological conditions, which resulted in his failure to maintain a positive rate of climb and a subsequent descent into the water.
Source: NTSB Aviation Accident Database
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